Step by step instructions for making a fractal out of a personal image on ultra fractal 611/26/2022 ![]() ![]() ![]() The conical calculations indicate noticeably shorter intersection distances. Again, this behaviour is consistent with previous literature data obtained by Arkhireyeva and Hashemi for a similar material over a much narrow displacement rate interval (from 2 to 50 mm/min). ![]() The specific non-essential parameter gradually increases with loading rate from 5.2 MJ/m 3 to 18.5 MJ/m 3. This trend of EWF parameters, at temperatures lower than glass transition, is in quite good agreement with data reported in recent works by Arkhireyeva and Hashemi referred to a similar semicrystalline PET film (Melinex® by DuPont).įrom the data reported in Fig. 6, it can be seen that the specific essential work of fracture term is practically insensitive to displacement rate up to 500 mm/min (being its value slightly oscillating around 40 kJ/m 2) and that a marked increase (up to 63.7 kJ/m 2) occurs only under impact conditions. In fact, by considering the loss factor peak, a T g value of about 105 ☌ can be estimated by dynamic mechanical test performed at a frequency of 1 Hz. It is important to observe that the temperature range explored in this work is below the glass transition temperature (T g) of the material. On the other hand, the specific non-essential parameter (βw p) steadily increases with temperature from 4.7 MJ/m 3 to 10.9 MJ/m 3. It can be seen from Fig. 5 that as the temperature rises the specific essential work of fracture term (w e) slightly decreases from 41.6 kJ/m 2 at 0 ☌ to 35.6 kJ/m 2 at 70 ☌. Rate dependence of specific essential (full circles w e) and non-essential (open circles βw p) work of fracture parameters. The principle involves calculating a very complex PIFS which retains as high a quality as possible.Īlternative interpolation schemes do exist and a popular technique is to use either a quadratic or cubic interpolant which will give a smoother continuous image rather than the discrete nearest-neighbour method.įig. 6. This is an advanced form of interpolation which is very useful when requiring higher resolutions, for example within the printing industry. It consists of converting the image to a very high quality PIFS, decoding the image to a higher resolution and then throwing away the PIFS. The property of resolution independence gives us a process called resolution enhancement. Unfortunately, this extra information has been synthetically generated and, as mentioned above, even if it is often appropriate there is no guarantee that it is correct. This gives us a total compression ratio of 10 × 16 = 160. Now, if when decoding the PIFS, we magnify by a factor of 4 in both the horizontal and vertical direction, it will look like we started with a 1024 × 1024 image. If, after converting the image, the size of the PIFS is 6,554 bytes, the resulting compression ratio is 10:1. This gives us an original image size of 65,536 bytes, before converting to a PIFS. This is an important point and can lead to a slightly misleading claims with regard to high performance image compression.Ĭonsider taking a grey scale image with resolution of 256 × 256, with one byte per pixel. Hence, zooming in on an image of a wheat field for example will not show the structure of individual grains or stalks of wheat. It is to be noted that this is purely a type of interpolation and, even if the created detail is appropriate, it is simply generated. This means the decoded image can be any arbitrary size. Blackledge, in Digital Image Processing, 2005 19.5.3 Resolution Independence and Enhancementĭue to self-similarity, images described within an IFS or a PIFS are not described at a fixed resolution or scale. ![]()
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